The evolution of the energy balance is one of the fundamental elements to understand if and in what ways the economy of a country changes. From the end of the Second World War to the beginning of the 1970s, the Italian energy balance had evolved in the name of the inversion of the load diagram.… Read More »
Only Giambattista Vico, the great thinker who, pioneering modern idealism, supported the concept of the constructive synthesis of the spirit against the analytical and deductive method of Cartesian philosophy and in the New Science drew from myths, from traditions, from laws, from language the guidelines of the universal course of society, conceived a new organic and coherent… Read More »
First, Alfieri wished with profound intimacy to hear the training of his art for political purposes, and yet his importance was also great in civil history. But the purpose of giving poetry the substance of doctrine was of the time in which he lived. In fact, the eighteenth-century fable in verse of the Aesopian type, which moralized… Read More »
Most of the moralists are Tuscan: Giambattista Gelli, author of the Capricci del Bottaio and della Circe , arguments and dialogues that recommend that men submit to the dictates of reason and not to the whims of meaning; Monsignor Giovanni Della Casa, a fruitful writer in prose and verse, whose Galateo is one of the most graceful writings of the century; Anton Francesco… Read More »
With the Folengo the material of chivalry finished fulfilling the office, to which the fashion of the century had called it. XV, to welcome and express spirits of poetry. With Machiavelli and Guicciardini the moral and political thought of that same century, enriched by studies and personal experiences, ended in doctrines and designs that in vain grew… Read More »
The Counter-Reformation, or Catholic Reform, initiated at the time and also by the work of Paul III and Paul IV, became more resolute with Pius IV (r559-65) who brought to completion the Council of Trent, in which Cardinal Morone and Carlo Borromeo; he reached in his practical development a high degree of intensity with Pius V.… Read More »
We are in the midst of the counter-reformation or, rather, of the counter-revolution; in the era of Catholic reform to curb the Protestant revolution. A fact of Christianity and catholicity is the counter-reform or counter-revolution: and the fact finds a confirmation in what had happened in the century. XIII, when equally the most lively religiosity had created reformist… Read More »
Meanwhile, the municipal movement was progressing; the new institutional order was consolidated; new lower classes were urged to come forward and the liberation of the serfs, peasants or artisans, whatever they were, was accelerated; the countryside was also beginning to take on a new face; rural municipalities by the thousands; valvassori and cattani and also powerful lords, forced to swear… Read More »
For several decades, this vast change, almost revolution, which took place in the peninsula from the Ionian to the Alps, found no serious obstacles on the part of the kingdom and the empire. No serious attempt to prevent the Norman conquest, nor the now too autonomous life of the cities to the detriment of the prince’s… Read More »
Finally, on the Adriatic side, starting from Urbinate, an eastern area leans against the axial beam, composed of secondary lands from the Trias to the Cretaceous period, which ends, assuming a transversal course, in the Sabina mountains; tectonic bundle of folds and typical carriageways (Spoleto) whose directions, turning first in the meridian direction up to Monte Vettore,… Read More »
According to IAMHIGHER.COM, Italy is a young land; on the contrary of Iberia, generated by a primordial nucleus that grew larger through the geological ages by successive additions, it arose mainly thanks to the most recent of the great orogenetic corrugations, the Alpine; the remains of the most ancient structures are, as far as the extension is… Read More »
One of the best characterized regions is certainly the Alpine one. Here, in the thick of the high woods live those magnificent gallinaceous that are the grouse: the capercaillie ( Tetrao urogallus ), now rare and localized in Cadore, in Trentino, in Friuli and in some other sites of the Lombard and Venetian Alps, the francolin of mountain… Read More »
The Italian fauna is rich and varied, although the climatic vicissitudes, the deforestation of large areas, the spread of crops and hunting have made the distribution area of several species disappear or have reduced. Quaternary man knew the mammoth, the aurochs, the elk, the bison, the hippopotamus, the cave bear, the cave hyena, the gulo. The plains… Read More »
Even the political balance of this troubled era does not end with the list of provinces that came into the hands of Spain. The long wars also had their fruitfulness. Not everywhere has the process of forming territorial states with their own governments and dynasties been disturbed and interrupted. Wars have provided opportunities and created resolved needs in… Read More »
Thus ended a very fortunate age for the peninsula, which began in 1494: an age, in the opinion of contemporaries and posterity, ruinous and decadent for the Italian homeland, as well as the principle of major ruin and decadence. Collapse of dynasties, decline of economic activities, diversion or dispersion of men. There was, in Italian life,… Read More »
As feared, Hadrian VI not only struck many petty interests in a city that, economically, was almost an appendage of the curia, but he isolated himself, estranged himself from Rome, did not deal with politics, something almost incomprehensible to the Romans, offended habits and deeply rooted feelings and tastes which constituted the Italian civilization of… Read More »
Julius II had died, while by now those “barbarians” whom he wanted to expel from Italy, but who too vice versa recalled the things of Italy, dominated it. And Leo X of the Medici family, who succeeded him, juggled the various potentates, especially between France and Spain. Fluctuating and ambiguous policy, both because the situation is difficult… Read More »
Finally, according to ITYPETRAVEL.COM, the Muslims are, at the beginning of the century. XI, already all uprooted from the extreme of the peninsula. It can be said that over there all the Italian peoples and, through the intermediary of the popes and emperors, all of Christianity found themselves united in the effort against the infidels. It was the… Read More »
Despite the often grandiose intentions, the assiduous care of Italian things, the new or broader titles assumed, nothing solid and lasting build the Ottoni in Italy. Attempts in the south failed; Rome was always a condominium in which the emperor was valid only as long as his material presence in Rome lasted; the kingdom was always restless, owing… Read More »
Also around Rome, new disorders: and at the head, always the secular aristocracy. Tivoli rose up; the city of Rome rose up with Gregory of the counts of Tusculum. Emperor and pope had to flee in February 1001. Insurrections also in Tuscany, Ugo Marquis, the faithful supporter and friend of Otto III, died. Everything crumbled around the young gentleman… Read More »